The Code And Norms Of Prison - 1146 Words

People who suddenly find themselves sentenced to prison usually face a great deal of fear and uncertainty. These feelings stem from the differences that an inmate experiences versus how a â€Å"civilian† experiences life on the outside of prison. Accepted societal norms put aside for the codes and norms of prison inmates. Examples of the different experiences can be found when the convicted person first enters the prison. There are a series of steps they take through the processing center and they get their first real sense of fear. Inmates may yell at them when they enter a certain hall, the staff are strict and not trying to make their stay â€Å"comfortable†. Doors locked behind them—there is no leaving to back to the life they once knew. In order to assimilate into the prison system, an inmate must learn how to act with other inmates and staff. They must also learn that they will be deprived of certain things they took for granted when they were in the civilian population,while learning that some things they import with them can help their prison stay be tolerable at least. Once a person becomes a residential inmate of a prison, their freedoms are lost; at least during their sentence. A person loses a job, family time, days off for vacation, nights out with friends are just a few examples of what a person losses. Another example would be a deprivation of family completely; maybe the prisoner was the only source of income for a family and the family lost their home,Show MoreRelatedIs Prison A Whole New Society? Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagescan result in prison time. Prison is not somewhere that a lot of people want to be, but what is interesting about prison is that it is like entering a whole new society. It even has its own culture and subculture. Culture is human-created strategies for adjusting to their surroundings and the creatures around them. Subculture refers to a group that shares some parts of the culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, and material culture. Prison is a total institutionRead MoreH ow Prison Life Really Works Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesHow prison life really works Prison life is much harsher than jail. In prison you stay inside until you are done with your sentence or until you die; jail is nothing compared to prison. Each prisoner is locked out from the outside world. Each inmate is in there for different crimes they have committed outside and inside the prison. It is very interesting to see how the inmates survive in prison and how they adapt to their new lives because in prison they are blocked from the outside world. TheRead MoreA Look at Crime from a Sociological Perspective1020 Words   |  4 PagesCrime A Look into Crime from a Sociological Perspective Introduction Crime is considered to be some breech or violation of behaviors which stand in opposition of rules or norms instituted by some governing body. Some actions are considered to be crimes throughout most societies in history; murder or physical abuse can serve as an example as an example. However, the majorities of things that are considered crimes are more of a subjective nature and vary widely in different societies. In many societiesRead MoreEssay on Historical Prison Eras633 Words   |  3 Pagesyears the way prisons are run has changed. Changes include social roles, informal behavior norms, and social solidarity. Prison history has three major eras the Big House, the correctional institution, and the contemporary prison. In The Big House era criminals were known as â€Å"convicts† and the guards where known as â€Å"hacks† and they were both supposed to keep distance from each other. To make their time easier in the Big House, convicts developed their own social roles, informal codes of behaviorsRead MoreJails and Prisons1109 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Jail and Prison One of the key cornerstones of the criminal justice system is the correctional system, specifically the correctional facilities. Prisons and jails are examples of correctional facilities that help keep the criminal justice system running smoothly and efficiently. Without these facilities, there would be no place for criminals to serve their sentences, and no one would really be safe. Although prison and jail seem to be interchangeable words, they actually mean two differentRead MoreGender Norms And Practices Within Private Organizations793 Words   |  4 Pages The authors suggest that the study of gender norms and practices in private organizations should be used for future research on the role of gender in public management. Gender norms are defined rules that govern behaviors based on one’s sex. The article states that gender norms are established through repeated interpersonal interactions, which lead to informal rules and expectations developed over the years. It is also mentioned that gender norms are established in the work environment by theRead MoreDescribe How Groups Can Influence People in Positive and Negative Ways.970 Words   |  4 Pagesof it. The norms of the group are expected to be adhered to by members, and this can lead to members being expected to conform, non conformity can often lead to role conflict and group pressure to follow the rules, and ultimalty if the overall effect is negative or positive. The Zimbardo experiment ,Philip Zimbardo (1971) Starting with psychology, Milton Keynes, Open University,An example of a negative influence on people. Zimbardo and his colleagues set up an experiment in a prison environmentRead MoreWhat Did The Novel Be Considered As More Than A Prison Novel?1439 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent could the novel be considered as more than a prison novel (and how does Solzhenitsyn’s message change according to that)? REARANGE PARAGRAPHS MAKE A BIBLIOGRAPHY ADD HIGHLIGHTED PARTS. Upon a cursory analysis of Alexandr Solzhenitsyn’s One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is often thought of as solely a prison novel that depicted the injustices that occurred frequently in the gulags of Russia under Stalin’s rule. However, if you dare to delve into the deeper crevices of the bookRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of the youth. This type of youth offences is often known as the â€Å"juvenile delinquency†, Bartol (as cited in Winterdyk, 2000, p. 12) defines that â€Å"juvenile delinquency is an imprecise, nebulous legal and social label for a wide variety of law- and norm-violating behaviour†. The youth who involves are called â€Å"young offenders†, â€Å"adolescent offenders†, or â€Å"juvenile offenders†. The youth which include children and teenagers have been described as the future of the society because they are the greatestRead MoreAndy Is The Main Character In The Film Who Has No Previous1641 Words   |  7 Pagessentenced to two consecutive life sentences for murdering his wife and her lover. He maintains he is innocent of the murders, which we find out later to be true. When he arrives in prison, he does not bring any prison experience with him- he knows nothing about the inmate codes and norms, is alone, and completely new to the prison environment. The first two years of his sentence he suffered greatly from abuse and rape by other more aggressive prisoners. He resisted prisonization and tried to stay isolated

Measles Outbreak Some Differing Views - 1205 Words

Measles Outbreak: Some Differing Views In Michelle Fox’s article, Expect measles outbreak to continue, says doctor, Dr. William Schaffner, Vanderbilt University’s School of Medicine, says that the outbreak will continue for some time because there is a sufficient number of unvaccinated children to continue the spread of measles. According to the CDC, there have been 84 cases of measles and 67 of those have been linked to the outbreak at Disney. Dr. Schaffner also reiterates that measles can be brought to the United States from overseas. If someone from another country comes here with measles and is around unvaccinated children, there is potential to spread the disease. Today, February 1, 2015, CDC Director Tom Frieden said â€Å"the U.S.†¦show more content†¦One of my friends is anti-vaccination and has a daughter under 12 months. His fear is that the ingredients in the vaccines are more harmful than the disease that is to be prevented. He believes that there is a link to autism from vaccinati ons and that they are not good for us. I asked him where he got his information from because I am curious as to why he holds this belief. He was emphatic that the rise in rates of autism and allergies is due to vaccination and that we are not being told what is really in the vaccines. I asked him if he worried about his daughter getting one of these diseases that could kill her. There was a long pause and he told me that no one had ever put it to him in that light. I told him that there is more scientific evidence from reputable sources to prove that autism, allergies and vaccines are not linked. We had a long discussion about the measles outbreak and I found it interesting that he blames those parents that chose not to get their child(ren) vaccinated and yet he does not believe that his choice with his daughter is the â€Å"same thing†. I asked him why he blamed those parents and still refused to vaccinate his daughter. He never answered me outright so I just dropped it. I asked him how he would feel if he learned that his unvaccinated child spread a disease to a younger baby and that baby died as

Study guide midterm Free Essays

Topic and a Purpose Sources for choosing a topic Determining the general purpose of your speech Difference between a specific purpose and a central Idea Topic: The subject of a speech Choosing a topic: Topics you know a lot about Topics you want to know more about Brainstorming: A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas. Personal Inventory Clustering General Purpose: The broad goal off speech. Specific Purpose: A single Infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes o accomplish In his/her speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Study guide midterm or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement: Write as a full Infinitive phrase, not as a fragment Express as a statement, not a question Avoid figurative language Limit to one distinct idea Not too vague or general Question to ask about specific purpose: Does it meet the assignment Can it be accomplished in the time allotted Is the purpose relevant to my audience Is the purpose too trivial for my audience Is the purpose too technical for my audience Central Idea: A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major Ideas of a speech. Residual Message: What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech Guidelines for a central idea: Should be expressed in full sentence Should not be in form of a question Should avoid figurative language Should not be too vague or general Chapter 6- Gathering Materials Resources for library research Credible types of sources for public speaking Catalogue: A losing of all books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library Call Number: A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to hat catalogues articles from a large number of Journals or magazines Reference Work: A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers Encyclopedias Yearbooks Quotation Books Biographical Aids Specialized Research Resources: Virtual Libraries Government Resources Multicultural Resources Evaluation Internet Documents: Authorship Sponsorship Regency Chapter 7- Supporting Your Ideas Four types of supporting material What they are and when to use Supporting Material: The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas Examples Statistics Testimony Analogy Examples: Brief Example Extended Example Hypothetical Example Tips for using examples: Use to clarify ideas Use to reinforce ideas Use to personalize ideas Make examples vivid and richly tested Practice delivery of extended examples Statistics: Representative? Reliable source? Tips for using statistics: Use statistics to quantify ideas Use sparingly Identify source of statistics Explain the statistics Round off complicated statistics Use visual aids to clarify Expert Testimony: from people who are recognized experts in their field Peer s Paraphrasing Tips for using testimony: Quote or paraphrase accurately Use from qualified sources Use from unbiased sources Identify the people you quote or paraphrase from Chapter 8- Organizing the Body of the Speech Four organizational patterns used in Informative Speaking Connectives, transitions, previews, summary, signposts Strategic order of main points: Chronological Order Spatial Order Casual Order Topical Order – main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics Connectives: Transitions Internal Previews Internal Summaries Signposts. How to cite Study guide midterm, Papers

Mental Health Specialist Essay Example For Students

Mental Health Specialist Essay I currently work at Patrick B. Harris Psychiatric Hospital as a Mental Health Specialist Essay and what I do is assist with adult psychiatric patients, including those who are deaf and have co-occurring disorders. I am under a the supervision of licensed nursing personnel. I have to be knowledgeable in age-specific criteria and interventions appropriate for effective and therapeutic interaction with adult patients. As a mental health specialist, we help assist patients with their personal needs, including bathing, dressing, ambulating and oral hygiene. We take and record patients vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. The main objectives that we do observing patients and monitoring their physical and behavior condition. Then, document what has been observed in the patients legal medical record according to HPH Nursing Policy and Procedures. We are responsible for escorting and accompanying patients to the following: therapy area, dining room, canteen area, court hearings, and doctors appointments off-campus, when necessary. Also as a M.H. S., we have to maintain clinical competency by attending and qualifying in all mandatory training classes yearly like: BEST, CPR, cross training, and age specific criteria. This is just a brief job description of what a Mental Health Specialist. .

The Role of Leadership Programs in Business

The best student cities in the world

The best student cities in the world Top 10 student cities It is very important for every entrant to observe the city while applying to the university. You should pay attention on its friendliness, arts and culture, nightlife, affordability, employment opportunities, and diversity. Think whether you could stay in this city after graduating for making your career. The student survey has shown that there are many other cities not including the most iconic ones, such as Paris or London, which suggest the perfect educational conditions and make the student life interesting and diverse. We decided to write a list of the best student cities in 2017, according to students’ opinion. Hope it will be interesting. Shanghai Shanghai is a megalopolis, which attracts the students from all over the world due to its culture, arts, friendliness and nightlife. It gives the opportunity to meet people from different backgrounds and experience such international influence. It is the largest city in China. However, it is very easy to get around it. You will definitely praise its local cuisine. Nottingham The student survey shows that Nottingham is considered to be a student-focused college-town, which attracts the youth with its nightlife, culture, green spaces, arts, and friendliness. It is also easy to get around it. Nottingham is high scored for inclusion and tolerance. Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe (Keihanshin) Here you can definitely experience a modern student lifestyle. This metropolitan area, called Keihanshin, consists of three cities – Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe, which together form one of the world`s largest economies. Students can enjoy the unbelievable combination of astonishing nature and urban life. Moreover, this megalopolis is rich in its traditions, history, and culture. Boston Boston is famous for its leading academic environment. Despite the fact that this is a medium-sized city it combines all aspects of the big city life. Students will be impressed with its attractive surroundings, culture, and arts. Boston has the strong ratings for its friendliness and ease of getting around. Brno Here you can easily become the part of the friendly student community. Brno delivers a great student experience, providing students with unforgettable nightlife, affordability, inclusivity, and tolerance. Students praise this Czech city for its astonishing attractiveness and friendly atmosphere. Ottawa Ottawa is famous for its student-centered environment with its rich bilingual and multicultural peculiarities. The capital of Canada stands out for its nightlife, tolerance, and friendliness. Ottawa offers its students the opportunities to gain experience in various scientific areas. Montreal Montreal is considered to be the cultural capital of Canada. This city is distinguished by its rich culture, diversity, arts, affordability, and friendliness. Students can enjoy the wide range of different activities. Its welcoming and multicultural environment makes Montreal particularly appealing to the youth. Seoul Seoul is the South Korean capital, which is famous for its convenience and safety. This city offers its students the diversity of opportunities and activities. The nightlife is particularly appealing. It boasts of its culture, arts, and ease of getting round. It is a perfect city not just for studies, but also for making a glittering career. Prague Prague is situated in the very heart of Europe and attracts students with its diversity beauty, historic architecture, low living costs, and nightlife. Here students always have plenty of things to do, see, drink, and eat. It is world-known for its affordability, rich culture and traditions. Taipei Taipei is a Taiwan`s capital, which provides students with convenient transports system and cheap food. Moreover, Taipei claims the highest student rating in the category for affordability which is very important for students. It also gets the high rating for friendliness. It is also important to take into account such cities as: Vienna – top for culture and arts Oslo – highest-rated for ease of getting around Canberra – the friendliest city according to student survey Riyadh – offers a lot of employment opportunities

Selfawareness and career management feedbaack Essay - 1

Selfawareness and career management feedbaack - Essay Example The essence of self-Management is self-awareness. You cannot manage anything without adequate and accurate information. The same applies to the management of self. I will be looking carefully at my MBTI results and analyzing them. Any single one of these instruments need not be accurate and sufficient in it self. If a combination of them is pointing me in a similar direction there could be something, which is of importance there. As such I would also look at the feedback that I have received from my colleagues. And then summarise these using the Johari window. I would however like to begin with what I call are my core cultural values. Core Cultural Values Theses are values, which have moulded me to what I am today, and make me function the way I do. Discovering them has been a journey, which is still in progress. The initial uncovering of these values began with me understanding something about my family of origin. My family is a close knit entrepreneurial family. One of the core val ues of my family of origin is family honour. Right and wrong have been important elements of my family. However when it comes to family honour they can be clouded. While I have seen that most of my friends in the west appear to look down on this. I see this as something that can be very comparable to the team ethic that is being increasingly talked about in the business studies arena and in corporate language. In my newfound western setting my belief then is that team goals must supersede individual goals. As my personality goes this is very difficult for me, and I have to remind myself that I have to function in this manner. This is difficult for me as seen from my timeline in appendix ‘1’. I have been a very successful student. Success in studies is an individual success, and defeat in academics is largely an individual defeat. As seen it is only in my adult life that I have started to enjoy and be good at sports. This has begun to moderate my individual yearnings. In dividual success in studies has worked well for me as it has enlarged family pride. Due to this it has been well supported by my family. In my adult life I have begun to step out of the family business and flap my wings in a more management type setting than my family entrepreneurial setting. I soon realize that I cannot take support from people around me for granted like in a family setting. I have to earn this support, and there was somewhat of a learning curve before I understood, that to get support you have to give support. This was somewhat foreign to me until I looked at my colleagues as team members. When I began to look at them, as family it became even easier. I am still very individualistic but realize that I need the support of those around me, which is not a given. It has to be earned. Earned by supporting them. The second aspect of core cultural values comes from my religious beliefs. My faith has been an integral part of me. While my belief is very fatalistic, it has still also taught me to believe that I can make a difference. Living with this two-sided tension has not been easy, until a friend pointed out that it is a good thing, which can cause me to mature very fast. I have tried to hold onto that explanation in recent times. While God is taking care of things in this world according to his plan that he wants me to make my contribution as well. This has caused me to come to an understanding that I cannot leave problems to be attended by

How Technology is Advancing Very Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How Technology is Advancing Very Fast - Essay Example Ranging from the home appliance to commercial usage transportation to gadgets, all inventions can be routed back to 20th century .The first few decades of previous century saw rapid growth when motor cars and aero planes were introduced on commercial scale(Anderson, pg88) . In modern times the foundation of modern technological can be traced back to mid 20th century. Von Neumann and Steve Jobs are two the names that must be mentioned whenever there is a debate on the advancements in modern time (Slater, pg 310) .The former is responsible for the computer architecture that is predominantly being used all over the world, while the latter is the man responsible for the current state of the art technology all around us. Technological advancements are not limited to only one field and all departments of life have undergone massive technological transitions over age. A characteristic attribute of technology is its fast paced changing trend. Any invention that is a buzz word in present beco mes obsolete in future days. Many examples can be traced back from history where things and inventions have become obsolete in matter of few years. A characteristic of technology and its advancement is the fact that things change very rapidly and things in trend today become relics in very short time. All the electronic equipment that once appeared novel few years back is out of trend and considered obsolete. Prime example can be the computer world where large sized monitors were in trend few years back, however they are rapidly replaced by L.C.Ds and L.E.Ds. In case of processors, Pentium family was in demand and dominance less than five years ago; this all has been replaced by multi core processors and brands. Electronics in general are ubiquitously found all around; examples can be traced from other walks of life as well. Televisions, Air conditioners, lifts in building, other home appliances have literally revolutionized the world of electronics. The old traditional railway syst em is being replaced by bullet trains. As the name implies they travel at a real fast speed. This like many others is one of the gifts of technology and a modern shape of technology. Bullet trains are fully functional in many parts of the world especially Europe (Olson, et al.,pg71, 2009). In the field of communications massive developments have taken place. Starting from ancient modes of communication to wired mode of transmission that dominated the mid 20th century to the mobile phone communications .The last decade of 20th century saw an upsurge in the field of wireless technologies. It all started with 1st generation of mobile phone standards, soon they were revamped into 2nd generation mobile standards, and the current state of the art technological generation is 3G and 4G that has given a new look to the world of communications (Korhonen). This can be described as the hardcore interface transition of technology. In the field of gadgets and mobile phone devices, touch phones ar e the order of the day. Keypad enabled phones and hard keyed phones are thing of past. Sensor based softwares are fully functional in mobile phones. The operating systems that run underneath the surface of all we see in our mobile phones have also emerged through different phases. The most user friendly interfaces are in trend and every second operating system is open sourced that enables maximum interaction of customers with the platform developers.

Students and teachers should be tested for drug use in public schools Research Paper

Students and teachers should be tested for drug use in public schools - Research Paper Example Another way of determining the importance of a study is by looking at its impact on the current theory or practice in its respective field. According to Algozzine, Daunic, and Algozzine (2010), educational practice includes conflict resolution, peer mediation, and promotion of social relationship. The issue of drug use affects all the three aspects of educational practice. Therefore, the research undertaken in this study would reveal a solution to a problem that is affecting education practice. This makes the study undertaken in the proposed research to be very significant in education practice to both the educators and the students. One of the benefits would be deciding the fate of drug testing in public schools. If the results of the research justify that we should test students and teachers for drug use in all public schools, then drug testing will be adapted in all our schools. However, if the research proves otherwise, then drug testing would be dropped even in the schools that currently use it on their students and teachers. From this research, we would identify alternatives to drug testing in fighting drug use in public schools. We would also be able to identify methods of testing drug use among students that are currently in use, their merits, and demerits. This would help various education stakeholders in their efforts of improving education in our public schools.As indicated above, this study would be very significant to the whole public school fraternity and other education stakeholders.

The Pollution Of The River Gomti Environmental Sciences Essay

The Pollution Of The River Gomti Environmental Sciences Essay The city of Lucknow has come up on the banks of the river Gomti. The rivers significance has been time and again stated in various historical annals, which essentially point out the manner in which the city in its early days was dependent on the Gomti. The early nawabs used had built palaces on the banks of the Gomti, with water from the river being brought into the palaces for both sanitary as well as aesthetic purposes.  [3]  These palaces had bathrooms as well as toilets with proper sewage disposal mechanisms to ensure that the water post use was taken out of the palace and left back in the Gomti.  [4]   The river provided for the arts of various craftsmen to thrive.  [5]  The water from the river was utilized by various people who practiced the art of dying cloth. The water, once the dying process was over, was let back into the river.  [6]   When the British came to Lucknow, they constructed the company cantonment, called the Residency, four miles north of the Gomti.  [7]  Here too, the river played an important role in providing water to the British by means of a system of canals that they had constructed for their purposes.  [8]   The river for the masses had always been an important asset. Besides being a source of water, it provided them with employment as well. Agriculture thrived along the banks of the river.  [9]  Fishing too was an important source of income, which was nurtured by the river.  [10]   Over the years, a lot about the city as well as the river that nurtured it has changed. The British as well as the Nawabs have long left and have been replaced by various factories as well as the innumerable people who now call Lucknow home. The river that once was the life line of the city now carries its waste and sludge. The residents solid wastes gets dumped into the river, and in light of the poor implementation of the law, the manufacturing units present in the city use the river to discharge their affluent. The river water hence has been rendered unsuitable for consumption. The aquatic life that once existed too now has perished as a result of the raised levels of pollution. 1.2 Research Methodology For the purposes of this research paper the researcher has utilized the doctrinal, as well as the empirical method of research. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this research paper, the researcher needed not only understand how pollutants in the river water have a detrimental effect on the quality of the water, but also needed to study the existing legal framework to see if those specific concerns had been catered to in the legislations. Furthermore, the author had to empirically access the levels of pollution in the river waters of Gomti in order to determine whether the pollutants were being controlled or not by the respective agencies. In addition to this, numerous newspaper reports and government documents from the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board  [11]  have been used. Various sources form the world wide web too were utilized for research purposes. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this research paper is to portray the levels of pollution in the river Gomti and thus determine the effects of pollution on the river. The objective of this research paper is to determine if the legal framework is well suited to ensure that the pollution levels be curbed or if there is any lax in the normative structure of the law. 1.4 Scope and Limitation The scope of this research paper revolves around the pollution that has been caused by the industrial activity in and around the city of Lucknow and the manner in which the same has polluted the river. The scope of this research paper also envisages a brief perusal of the legal norms governing the environment and its protection in India. This scope is limited to the legal situation that exists in India. In addition to this, the scope of this research paper is restricted to the River Gomti alone and no other river that flows in the region. Necessary references to highlight the comparative levels of pollution have been made in paper where necessary. 2.0 The Law for the Protection of Water Bodies 2.1 The Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 In 1974, the Central Legislature decide to enact the Water Act. This Act aimed at the prevention and control of water pollution and at the maintenance or restoration of the wholesomeness of water bodies in India.  [12]  The Act envisaged this by means of the establishment of Central  [13]  and State Boards  [14]  . The main function of the central boards is to ensure that the water bodies do not in any manner incur any degradation.  [15]  They work towards the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems across the States. For the fulfillment of the said objective, they not only coordinate the activities of the State Board but also ensure that adequate assistance is provided to the State boards whenever necessary. The Central Boards are also provide technical information to the State Boards whenever the same is asked for by the latter. The Central Board for the purposes of furthering environmental causes may recognize laboratories so as to enable them to analyze water samples form the various parts of the country.  [16]  The State Board on the other hand is responsible for planning a comprehensive program for the prevention of pollution in the State. It is suppose to work in conformity with the Central Board for the attainment of its predetermined objectives.  [17]   As per the legislation, the authorities have the right to enter any industrial establishment and take samples of the chemicals that are being released into the water bodies in order to determine whether or not they are toxic and therefore ought to be treated before they are released.  [18]  Furthermore, if the agency cannot gather the chemicals, it can collect the samples from the water that is being released in order to determine the levels of toxicity.  [19]  Subsequently, the Board can approach a court of law to enforce the prescribed penalty.  [20]   In cases where, the culprit is a company, then the board also withholds the power to pierce the corporate veil and determine whose commission or omission is responsible for the release of the pollutants into the water body.  [21]  Similarly, if the culprit is a Government entity, then in that case, the Head of the Department of that Government entity shall be deemed to be responsible for the pollution caused.  [22]   In addition to the Water Act, 1974, there are various provisions in the Constitution of India such as the Article 48A that talks about the protection of the environment.  [23]  Similarly, the municipalities  [24]  as well as the panchayats  [25]  too have been enabled to take steps for the preservation of the ecosystem. 2.2 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 . These rules essentially provide the manner in which Hazardous wastes are to be handled and disposed of by the any industry or body that is emitting the same. These Rules were brought in pursuant to powers conferred by Sections 6,8 and 25 of the Environment(Protection) Act, 1986(29 of 1986) on the Central Government to make rules.  [26]   These Rules have specific schedules that mention the quantity of heavy metals that are permissible to be released into any water body.  [27]  In addition to this, the Rules also provide for the responsibility of the occupier and the operator of a facility in regards the release of affluent into water bodies.  [28]  The rules mandate that hazardous waste be packaged, labeled and transported to specific dumping sites.  [29]  These disposal sites too have been specifically provided for in the rules.  [30]   2.3 Cases on River Water Pollution in India 2.3.1 Tirupur Dyeing Factory Owners Association v. Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association and Ors. , Civil Appeal No. 6776 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 6963 of 2007) and Civil Appeal No. 6777 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 28296 of 2008) as Decided On 06.10.2009 (Not Cited Yet) Public Interest Litigation was filed by the Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association, a registered Association for seeking directions for preservation of ecology and for keeping the Noyyal river in Tamil Nadu free from pollution.  [31]  According to this Association, a large number of industries, some of them respondents before the writ court and appellants herein had indulged in dyeing and bleaching works at Tirupur area and discharging the industrial effluents into the Noyyal river which had caused water pollution to the extent, that the water of the river was neither fit for irrigation nor potable. The pollution also adversely affected the Orthapalayam reservoir and other tanks and channels of the said river.  [32]   The court held in this case that the polluting Association cannot escape the responsibility to meet out the expenses of reversing the ecology.  [33]  They were bound to meet the expenses of removing the sludge of the river and also for cleaning the dam.  [34]  The principles of polluters-pay and precautionary principle in this case have been read with the doctrine of sustainable development.  [35]  In light of this reading it became the responsibility of the members of the Association that they carry out their industrial activities without polluting the water.  [36]   2.3.2 U.P. Pollution Control Board v. Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Anr, (2009)2SCC147 M/s Modi Carpets Ltd., Raebareli had been releasing affluent and sludge into a nearly water body and the same had been happening for a very long time. The court in this regard after looking at the facts and circumstances of the case came to the conclusion that the pollution that was being caused was the responsibility of this said establishment and held them liable for the damage caused to the environment.  [37]   2.3.3 Pondicherry Paper Limited v. Central Board for Prevention and Control of Pollution, Cri. M.P. No. 4662 4663 of 1978 Madras High Court Pondicherry Paper Limited had been releasing various chemicals intro a nearby water body. This had caused a lot of damage to the environment and the water in which the chemicals were being dumped was now not suitable for any form of usage.  [38]  The court in this case under Section 33 of the Water Act, gave an injunction to prevent further water pollution.  [39]   2.3.4 Narula Dyeing and Printing Works v. Union of India, AIR 1995 Guj 185 In this case the Dyeing Unit had not set up any treatment plant and had been functioning for a very long time. During the years of its functioning, it had been releasing the chemicals that it had been using in the Khalicut Canal. When the matter was brought to the cognizance of the court, they not only issued an injunction on this unit but also called for the payment of heavy damages.  [40]   3.0 The Condition of the Gomti Today The condition of the river Gomti has been depleting day be day. The waters of the river have been used by the residents of the city as a dumping ground for household garbage. The Times of India on the 16th of September, 2008 ran an article that brought this pathetic condition to the fore.  [41]  With the receding waters of the river, for the first time, the Lucknow Municipals Corporation came to know the amount of polythene that had been dumped in the river. The polythene had subsequently managed to reach the sewage treatment plant at Daulatganj, the sole sewage treatment plant in Lucknow on the Gomti. As a result of this, the plant was chocked and could not process the wastes. Consequently, untreated water had been flowing into the river Gomti causing the depletion of the aquatic environment as well as the marine life that exists there.  [42]   The treatment plant at Daulatganj receives 303 Million liters per Day of sewage.  [43]  When toxic substances enter a body of water, they get dissolved in the water and cause the oxygen levels in the water to deplete. On numerous occasions, the pollutants in the water remain suspended or get deposited at the bottom of the river. The resulting water pollution causes the quality of the water to deteriorate and affects aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and effect groundwater deposits.  [44]   Lucknows sewage and industrial wastes that are discharged into the Gomti have had a similar effect. Studies have shown that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river has constantly been reduced with the raised levels of pollution. It is an accepted scientific fact that aquatic life cannot exist in waters where the level of dissolved oxygen is below 4 Mg / liter.  [45]  A study of the levels of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the Gomti has shown that the condition has been made critical because of the dumping of sewage and other pollutants. In 2008, the level of dissolved oxygen was calculated by the UPPCB to be 1.2658 Mg / Liter  [46]  causing large scale deaths of fish and other marine life forms.  [47]  In addition to this, micro organisms that thrive in highly alkaline waters that are unsuitable for the habitation of fishes and other aquatic beings too were found, which further corroborate the high toxicity levels of the waters of the Gomti.  [48]   Besides sewage being dumped in the river, municipal waste  [49]  as well as the animal carcasses too are left by the banks of the Gomti  [50]  . The dumping of municipal wastes along the river over a large period of time has caused the chemical composition of the soil as well as the water to change. As the toxic chemicals present in the waste percolates down the soil, it chemically reacts with the soil to alter its chemical nature and composition permanently.  [51]   The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute  [52]  had conducted a survey along the River Gomti in order to determine the levels of toxicity in the river water as well as the sediments along the banks. They concluded that the levels of heavy metals, found not only in the river but also in the sediments were raised above normal. The water contained 0.0276 mg / L of lead which was considerably above the optimal limit. Similarly, the levels of Cadmium and Copper too were substantially raised.  [53]   The study of the sediments found along the banks too narrated a similar story. The levels of Iron, Magnesium, Manganese and Cadmium had been raised alarmingly due to the continued disposal of toxic waste along the banks. Iron was found to be at a high of 739.43 m grams / gram. Similarly, in every gram of sediments collected, NEERI found 7.9 m grams of Cadmium.  [54]   It is thus evident from the raised levels of these heavy metals that the river water as well as the area surrounding it is highly toxic. The origin of these heavy metals has conclusively been determined as the waste products that have been dumped in the river and the areas surrounding.  [55]  The presence of these heavy metals has been known to cause several diseases. Cadmium for example causes health hazards like gastrointestinal ulcers, kidney damage, and liver damage.  [56]  Internationally, it has been recognized that the levels of Cadmium should not exceed 5 m grams / gram.  [57]  This index therefore gives us an idea as to the level of toxicity along the Gomti. The allegations that had been leveled against the National Botanical Research Institute  [58]  further has added to the debate.  [59]  It was alleged that the NBRI had been conducting the certain experiments using radioactive material. The disposal of the waste material created by the research was said to be in non conformity with the guidelines issued for disposal of radioactive waste.  [60]  The raised levels of heavy metals in the river water and in the sediments could be an indicator of the same.  [61]   4.0 Conclusion The situation encountered here is one that is not unusual in India. One cannot conclude that there is a paucity of laws in this particular area concerning water pollution. But when one looks at the enforcement of these laws, a lot remains desired.  [62]   The State Boards and the Central Boards have not been functioning as per their mandate. With government officials not catering to their responsibilities, the Boards have become paper tigers, despite the impressive legislative backing that they have. The empirical studies conducted by the researcher shows that the river water is exhibiting tell tale signs of high levels of pollution. The law on preservation of water bodies has stipulated the amount of sewage that can be released into the rivers and other streams in any region. As per Annexure II 303 Million Liter of sewage is released per day into the Gomti, the same is higher than any of the prescribed limits for proper waste disposal in any country of the world.  [63]   As a consequence of such high levels of pollution, the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water have depleted, rendering the water unsuitable for the sustenance of any form of life. Ideally, for the aquatic ecosystem to exist, there ought to be a minimum of 4 mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water.  [64]  Unfortunately, due to the release of various pollutants into the river water, the level of dissolved oxygen has become as low as 1.2658 Mg / Liter.  [65]  The same has consequently resulted in the death of numerous fishes in the river. In addition to this, what is extremely alarming is the raised levels of heavy metal in the river water and the sediments found along the river bank. A qualitative analysis of the river water as well as the sediments have disclosed high levels of Cadmium and Lead, in addition to Iron.  [66]  The presence of these three heavy metals in such high quantity is indicative of the high levels of toxicity that exists today. The same is a result of the large scale dumping that has been happening both of domestic as well as industrial waste. The toxic waste seeps into the soil and eventually causes the depletion of the quality of the soil. In addition to this, there have been allegations of radioactive wastes being dumped into the river by the NBRI.  [67]   4.1 Liability of the Municipality In regards the dumping of untreated sewage water in the River Gomti by the U.P. Jal Nigam, the liability for the same shall rest on the Municipality in light of the ratio laid down in the case of M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1988 SC 1115. The Supreme Court in that case had stated that the maintenance of the ecosystem that exists in the rivers in India was the responsibility of the municipalities and they could not absolve themselves of the same on any ground.  [68]  If there was any release of chemicals or untreated sewage water into the waters of any river, the municipality responsible for having prevented the same shall be help responsible.  [69]   In the present matter, the Lucknow Municipality had the onus on them to ensure that the waters of the river Gomti were not polluted by the release of sewage. Since, the same was not done, they should be help responsible for the pollution caused to the river. Furthermore, the existence of heavy metals in the water and the sediments too can be attributed to the negligence of the Municipality. As per The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, specific limits have been provided that suggest the upper limit of the concentration of those heavy metals in the soil.  [70]   In light of Entry 3  [71]  , Entry 4  [72]  , and Entry 5  [73]  of Schedule I and Entry A3 and A4  [74]  and Entry B30 and B6 of Schedule II of the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, the liability of the Municipality of the is further established. A reading of these entries show that the concentration of the heavy metals in the water of the river as well as in the soil sediments is far above the permissible limits and hence would make the municipality liable.  [75]   4.2 Liability of the NBRI The NBRI cannot be held liable under the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 since the applicability of this legislation is specifically precluded from radio active wastes.  [76]  The disposal of radio active substance is covered by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. As per the provisions of this legislation, whenever a particular organization is using any form of radioactive substance, then in that case the disposal of the same has to happen in sealed lead containers and not in the open, else the same might cause damage to the environment.  [77]   In the present case, the NBRI had been using radioactive substances, without disposing them off as per the requirements of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, that is, it had been releasing radioactive substances in the open and not in the proper sealed containers, the same shall render them liable for the damage caused to the environment. 4.3 Solutions The condition therefore is most certainly alarming. The city is dependent on the river for water, and continues to use the same, ignorant of the condition of the water, with no action being taken either by the U.P. Jal Sansthan or the UPPCB. There have been plans of cleaning up the Gomti, and the same have received immense media coverage as well. Unless and until, the flow of pollutants into the river is not stopped, such programs shall only be partial successes. Steps need to be taken to improve the levels of dissolved oxygen. In addition to this, the dumping that is happening along the river banks also needs to be controlled so that the levels of heavy metals can be reduced in the river water as well as in the sediments along the bank of the river. In addition to this, the dumping of animal carcasses as well as polythene bags need to be stopped. Not only do they block the water treatment plants, they also damage the aquatic ecosystem to a great extent.

Historians Perspectives :: History Historical Essays

Historians' Perspectives Every situation can be looked at from so many different angles that it is very difficult for any two people to agree on what is going on. Ten people could look at the same situation and create ten different theories or assumptions as to what is occurring. This is because no two people have the same backgrounds, no two people have the same experiences, and no two people think exactly the same. These factors come together to distinguish each person as an individual. Every person has the ability to interpret the same situation in a different way. This occurs more often then not, when one historian has a theory about a time period or a historical event. One historian could look at the assassination of John F. Kennedy and think that it was a governmental conspiracy, while another may look at it merely as an ex-marine that went mad and killed the President. Still on the same subject a third historian may combine facts from both arguments to create a whole new view of his own. This is exactly what occurred after Richard Hofstadter wrote his book The Age of Reform. He made an argument on progressivism in his book in 1955, which was not written as fact but more as opinion. After that three different articles were written on the same topic from different angles. Richard L. McCormick, Paula Baker, and Peter G. Filene, all wrote articles which either agreed or disagreed with Hofstadter. At points they completely disagreed with points that Hofstadter made, but then in the same article they agreed and support a point Hofstadter made. All four people wrote on the same topic but all four took different views. This was their right as individuals to do and at some points they had similarities but then at others they went to other sides of the spectrum. Hofstadter in his book, The Age of Reform, broke down the age of reform as a time period from 1896 to the 1930’s. Within this time period, he then divided it into three separate sections or movements. The first section being that of the populist movement, the second was the progressive movement, and third was the reforms made during the New Deal. He begins with the populist movement and how it started based on the agrarian myth in rural and southern areas. This myth had the farmers thinking that they held an important part in society and that their job has a special value.

Science: Meaning of Life

What does science and technology mean? These are two different words comprised by different alphabetical letters. When these words are separate, they give different meaning but when combined form a specific meaning. As we have modernized ourself from past to future, in the same way science and technology has turned out and proved itself to be a great need for human beings. Science generally means to deal with creatures, environment, human life etc. physically, chemically and biologically. It is the part of our daily life. It has totally grabbed us in itself in such a way that now it is very difficult for us to get away of it.Science has become a vital part of our life, more vital than our basic needs. Technology is the word which expresses the technique from which an object is made. Technology is also a part of our daily life. It can be said so because the technological things like mobiles, vehicles, fan, etc have made our life so easy. It is also true that life without technological things is not possible now and if it is so than it will be a great disaster for this world and also for the people living here. If we talk about science and technology then it will be day and night but the talk wouldn’t end.It is so because it’s not a minor topic but it is a major topic not for you and me only but for whole world. Science and technology has almost captured the whole planet and it is impossible for us to survive without it. So all in all we can say that science and technology has become like a major body part for us and we can’t move ahead if it is separated from our life. It can also be said that now our life is dependent totally on science and technological inventions and objects. If it goes on developing than we will reach on top of world but if it suddenly stops than we will return to the same position from where we started our life.

The Legal Regulatory Environment within the U.S. Power Tool Industry

The Legal Regulatory Environment within the U.S. Power Tool Industry Free Online Research Papers The U.S. power tool industry covers the manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of power tools to professional tradesmen, hardware stores and the home user. Power tools are defined as those that are driven by Alternating Current (AC) or Direct Current (DC) supplies (electricity), pneumatic (air), and gasoline or some other type of fuel power. Some examples of these tools include: gas saws, rotary hammers, corded and cordless drills, routers, sanders, grinders, etc. Over the past ten years the industry as well as the two market leaders, Black Decker, Inc. and Danaher Corporation grossing close to $15 billion worldwide in 2005, has experienced a cyclical change in the demand of these products. This is largely due to the fact that these products are directly tied to all types of building construction, renovations and â€Å"Do It Yourself† (DIY) projects, which in turn are driven by wider market forces and the overall economy. However, new innovation technology like battery power and a lift in the housing portion of the market have helped companies in the power tool industry to demonstrate strong financial performance even in the wake of a stable or shrinking economy.1 With regards to the legal and regulatory environment in the power tool industry, there are a few key players. First being OSHA (Occupational Safety Health Administration), which is the main federal agency charged with the enforcement of safety and health legislation. Others include the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission and finally the Specialty Tools Fasteners Distributors Association (STAFDA), all which help monitor are regulate other specific laws and regulations with in the industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the legal and regulatory environment in the power tool industry. Section I will present an overview of the regulatory environment. Section II will continue to outline and discuss into two legal issues with specific examples from cases involving Black Decker, Inc. The first (Section IIa) will discuss product liability and a specific issue with a consumer who bought a pneumatic nail gun which malfunctioned, causing him to lose the sight in one eye. The second (Section IIb) discusses a specific a case in which Black Decker, Inc. was suing one of its largest competitors Bosch Tool Corporation for patent infringements in regarding their job site battery charger/radio product. I chose these two issues as they were high profile and widely publicized. The paper concludes that there are numerous legal guardrails within the power tool industry. These laws and regulations are in place to protect industry employees and consumers and ensure that companies involved in the manufacture, sale and distribution of power tools are performing such activities with the safety of employees and consumers and environmental considerations at the top of the agenda. Mature compliance initiatives and top-level management focus on legal and regulatory issues not only helps companies stay within the bounds of the law and avoid penalties but also assists them in gaining competitive advantage through market and consumer confidence and well managed, efficient internal processes. Legal and regulatory requirements are here to stay and those currently impacting the power tools industry are no exception. The power tools industry can continue to expect a similar level of regulation in the future, given the nature and use of the products produced by its comp anies and their recent adherence to requirements. Section I: Legal Regulatory Environments There are few major industry associations that help set most of the rules and regulations within the industry. The first one is OSHA (Occupational Safety Health Administration), which sets the industry standards, agency policies, rules, and regulations by which all companies that employ workers that use power tools and manufactures must follow. The portion of the standards and regulations that pertain to power tools industry and their manufactures is found in Part 1926.302, titled â€Å"Power-operated Hand Tools†, within the Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. In this section, there are many regulations surrounding tools either powered by electricity, air, or fuel, how they are manufactured and then operated in the work place. For example, Electric power operated tools need to be of the approved double-insulated type or grounded in accordance with UL regulations. Failure to comply with these regulations can result financial and other penalties. Another contributor to the many laws and regulations within this industry is the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA works to develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress and is responsible for researching and setting national standards as well as monitoring and enforcing compliance. Compliance with EPA regulations is particularly relevant for the power tool industry in the context of the disposal and manufacture of a variety of cordless fuel cells. Where national standards are not met, the EPA can issue sanctions and take other steps to assist the states reaching the desired levels of environmental quality. The third significant regulatory body is the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. One of the CPSC’s main objectives is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from more than 15,000 types of consumer products, including power tools. It is responsible for working with manufacturers to ensure sufficiently detailed and timely information is released to the public regarding product recalls and or making arrangements for their repair. The CPSC is also primarily responsible for conducting research on potential product hazards and informing and educating consumers through the various types of media. The last major association is the Specialty Tools Fasteners Distributors Association (STAFDA). STAFDA is a not-for-profit educational trade association comprised of distributors, manufacturers, and representative agents of construction, industrial, and related products. While STAFDA is not a regulation setting organization, one of its major purposes is to advise its members of legislation, regulations and lobbying efforts which affect the overall power tool industry and therefore it has an impact on overall compliance to legal and regulatory requirements within the industry. Section IIa: Exploration into a Product Liability Case As outlined in Section I, OSHA and CPSC regulate the manufacture and safe use of power tools. The first legal example to be discussed in this paper issue was a product liability case between a customer and a power tool manufacturer, Black Decker, Inc. In this case the local state, Product Liability Act which was help drafted from the CPSC, defended the manufacturer. The case was originally held in a Louisiana district court and was subsequently appealed and went to the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The outcome was a significant product liability victory for Black Decker, Inc. The case involved the plaintiff, Kenneth B. White, who while using a pneumatic brad nailer, was blinded in one eye after a nail ricocheted off of the work surface. The district court granted â€Å"Black Deckers summary judgment motion on the ground that the plaintiff did not satisfy his burden of proving the risk/utility element of a defective design claim under the Louisiana Product Liability Act†, which states that, â€Å"A manufacturer can be held liable to a claimant for damage proximately caused by an unreasonably dangerous characteristic of a product when such damage arose from a reasonably anticipated use of the product†. The plaintiff, an experienced carpenter, was injured while using a DEWALT Heavy Duty, 18 gauge Brad Nailer. He was not wearing his safety glasses at the time of the accident. The nail gun came equipped with two types of trigger, a bump fire trigger and a sequential fire trigger, and was sold with the bump fire trigger pre-installed. Switching trigger mechanisms was, however, simple to do, and the alternative sequential trigger was attached to the product in a plastic bag with clear instructions on how to switch the trigger mechanism. The plaintiff claimed that the nail gun double fired, causing the second-fired nail to ricochet and strike him in the eye. The plaintiff argued at the district court that pneumatic nail guns with bump fire triggers are unreasonably dangerous because of the potential for double fires and that the accident would not have occurred if a sequential trigger had been used. The plaintiff filed suit against Black Decker under the Louisiana Products Liability Act, and claimed that the nail gun was â€Å"unreasonably dangerous† in design. Black Decker â€Å"moved for summary judgment† on three different grounds. First, the plaintiffs use of the nail gun without wearing safety glasses provided with the product was not a reasonably anticipated use since the plaintiff was an experienced carpenter who testified he was aware of the risk of eye injury when using nail guns. Secondly, the proposed alternative design or sequential trigger that was preferred by the plaintiff was, in fact, provided with the product even though it was not pre-installed. Lastly, the plaintiff could not come forward with competent evidence to satisfy the risk/utility standard of a defective design claim.5 The district court granted Black Deckers judgment because it found that the plaintiff did not present sufficient evidence to support a jury finding that the â€Å"lik elihood† the products design would cause the plaintiffs injury and the seriousness of that injury outweighed the adverse effect from the design of the product. The court also found that the risk of injury with this particular product was lower than it was with other types of nail guns because it was designed to fire brad, very small finishing nails and, thus had a much lower recoil force and was less likely to double fire than larger framing nail guns. The court concluded that the risk of injury could also have been avoided because the product manual and labels warned about the dangers of double fire, warned about the risk of ricochet, and provided safety glasses with the product and that the plaintiff did not present adequate evidence to make an obvious showing that the proposed â€Å"alternative design† would not excessively impact the function of the nail gun. On appeal, the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals essentially agreed with all of the district courts findings and conclusions and dismissed the case. Section IIb: Exploration into a Patent Case The second legal issue is one regarding patent law. A patent is issued for the protection of an invention, product, process, or machine and is the grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The inventor also may have to comply with other laws and regulations with in the industry to make use of the claimed invention.7 The term or length of a patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed. Once a patent is issued it excludes others from â€Å"making, using, offering for sale, or selling† the invention in or brining it into the United States. United States patent grants are effective only within the United States, its territories, and its possessions. If a patent is issued and is then used without permission from the inventor, the holder of the patent may bring an infringement suit to the federal courts. A successful action may result in an injunction prohibiting further use of the paten ted item by the infringer and the inventor can also be awarded damages. Patents provide incentives for economically efficient research and development. Many large modern corporations have annual RD budgets of hundreds of millions of dollars. Without patent protection, RD spending would be significantly less or eliminated altogether, limiting the possibility of technological advances. Corporations would be much more conservative about the RD investments they made, as third parties would be free to exploit any developments. Additionally, in many industries, especially those with high fixed costs and either low marginal costs or low reverse engineering costs, for example the power tool industry, once an invention exists, the cost of commercialization, testing, tooling up a factory, developing a market, etc., is far more than the initial conception cost. A case heard by the United States District Court in Illinois, including two companies from the power tools industry. Black Decker, Inc., the plaintiff, filed multiple claims against the Robert Bosch Tool Corporation for infringing on a various patents involving Bosch’s Power Box. On September 22nd, 2006, a verdict by the jury and the court found that all claims by Black Decker, Inc relating to patent infringement by the defendant were valid. The ruling concluded that the defendant, Bosch, must stop selling, making, using, offering, and importing the Power Box in the United States, effective immediately. The trial ran from September, 13th through September 26th. The patents that Black Decker stated that were infringed were claims 1, 2, 6, 7, and 10 of the United States Patent No. 6,308,059, and claim 1 of the United States Patent No. 6,788,925, both titled â€Å"Ruggedized Tradesworkers Radio†. These patents included specifics of a radio charger having an AC powered DC power supply design, an AC powered-DC charger design, a removable DC power supply design and or a power conversion circuit design and shown with specific electrical schematics. After hearing the case the jury found that Bosch had infringed on the two patents stated above, and that Black Decker will suffer irreparable harm if an injection is not entered. Additionally they found that no adequate remedy at law exists and that a balance of the relevant hardships is in Black Decker’s favor. Therefore Robert Bosch Tool Corporation, its officers, agents, servants, employees, affiliates, successors, and assign s were then restrained from making, using, selling, offering, or importing the Bosch Power Box, model number PB-10 and or PB-10-CD. There was an additional note that the updated version of the Power Box, PB-10 Advanced, was excluded from this case; however it was part of another lawsuit that was to be heard in the same court. Conclusion In conclusion, there are numerous legal guardrails that impact companies in the power tool industry, not just specific industry regulation but also wider laws and regulations at a state and federal level. The power tool industry is heavily consumer driven, the reputation damage and loss of consumer confidence associated with a successful law suit or infringement of laws or regulations is a risk that many companies in the industry cannot afford to take. Organizations and regulatory bodies such as the OSHA and CPSC provide the legal and regulatory framework within which the power tool industry must operate, while STAFDA provide guidance and assistance for the companies in the industry to help them understand and address the various requirements. There is no doubt that increased legal and regulatory requirements force companies to change the way in which they operate to ensure achieved compliance. Often these internal compliance initiatives result in more arduous internal processes and controls and increased costs but, if implemented properly, these can help a company streamline its operations through process re-engineering and gain competitive advantage whilst also avoiding the finan cial and reputation penalties of non-compliance. Given the nature and use of power tools and the industry’s recent history of adherence to requirements, the industry can continue to expect a similar level of regulation in the future. Endnotes 1 Handtools. Encyclopedia of American Industries. Online Edition. Thomson Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Business and Company Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.:Gale Group. 2006. http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezp.lndlibrary.org/servlet/BCRC (retrieved November 22, 2006) 2 â€Å"Standards† United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Health Administration website. 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20210 osha.gov (retrieved December 17, 2006) 3 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460. epa.gov/ (retrieved December 18, 2006) 4 United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814. cpsc.gov/ (retrieved December 18, 2006) 5 Kenneth B. White vs. Black Decker, Inc., US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, (Case no. 04-30710) Filed March 11, 2005. ca5.uscourts.gov:8081/isysquery/irl140e/2/doc (retrieved December 18, 2006) 6 â€Å"Louisiana Products Liability Act†, Louisiana Products Liability Law. http://radio.weblogs.com/0119806/stories/2003/02/13/louisianaProductsLiabilityLaw.html (retrieved December 18, 2006) Endnotes continued 7 â€Å"Patents† United States Patent and Trademark Office website. Office of Public Affairs U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, P. O. Box 1450 Alexandria, VA 22313-1450 uspto.gov/index.html (retrieved December 19, 2006) 8 â€Å"Patent†, Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. (2006, February 13). FL: Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent (retrieved December 20, 2006) 9 Black Decker, Inc. vs. Robert Bosch Tool Corporation, US District Court, (Case No. 1:04-cv-07955) (Filed November 11, 2006. retrieved via email December 19, 2006) Research Papers on The Legal Twilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Free Essays on September 11

Early Tuesday morning I heard my mother’s screams. Jumping up abruptly from bed thinking that something had gone seriously wrong, I ran to the living room where my mom stood in shock. Quickly turning my head I saw the first impact of Flight 11 into Tower 1 of the World Trade Centers. This is not real I thought. How could we let something like this happen? Every sound drained from my ears and all I could hear were of the engines from Flight 11 roaring into Tower 1. The first word that filtered through my mom’s mouth was â€Å"terrorism†. She knew at that moment that it was no accident. One of the darkest days in history had unfolded before my very eyes seeing terrorism, the opportunity of unity, and how I view my life after the attacks. Terrorism is the newest acts of evil that we must all deal with. It is heartbreaking to see children of a third world country whose government has taught them to hate one of the most powerful and united countries in the world. When the news confirmed the attacks in New York were terrorists acts I was filled with fear and anger. It is amazing to see the lengths people will go to execute such detailed plans. I thought that terrorism could not strike at home, but it has happened before and could possibly happen again. All I could do was soak up everything and try to listen to the opinions of others and to see their reactions. Is it a spirit, a way of looking at life, a way of living that cannot be destroyed? Can Terrorism be destroyed? Will the evil live on even if we kill those responsible for this attack? Can we fight against the people who don’t value life? The chance of unity was visible to every American after the attacks had taken place. It seemed that whatever race you are whether you are, African American, White, Hispanic, Muslim, or Asian, we are all the same when dealing with human life. If there is anything that brings the sense of unity out of this nation of individuals, it’s ... Free Essays on September 11 Free Essays on September 11 Early Tuesday morning I heard my mother’s screams. Jumping up abruptly from bed thinking that something had gone seriously wrong, I ran to the living room where my mom stood in shock. Quickly turning my head I saw the first impact of Flight 11 into Tower 1 of the World Trade Centers. This is not real I thought. How could we let something like this happen? Every sound drained from my ears and all I could hear were of the engines from Flight 11 roaring into Tower 1. The first word that filtered through my mom’s mouth was â€Å"terrorism†. She knew at that moment that it was no accident. One of the darkest days in history had unfolded before my very eyes seeing terrorism, the opportunity of unity, and how I view my life after the attacks. Terrorism is the newest acts of evil that we must all deal with. It is heartbreaking to see children of a third world country whose government has taught them to hate one of the most powerful and united countries in the world. When the news confirmed the attacks in New York were terrorists acts I was filled with fear and anger. It is amazing to see the lengths people will go to execute such detailed plans. I thought that terrorism could not strike at home, but it has happened before and could possibly happen again. All I could do was soak up everything and try to listen to the opinions of others and to see their reactions. Is it a spirit, a way of looking at life, a way of living that cannot be destroyed? Can Terrorism be destroyed? Will the evil live on even if we kill those responsible for this attack? Can we fight against the people who don’t value life? The chance of unity was visible to every American after the attacks had taken place. It seemed that whatever race you are whether you are, African American, White, Hispanic, Muslim, or Asian, we are all the same when dealing with human life. If there is anything that brings the sense of unity out of this nation of individuals, it’s ...

Motivation children and our selves to learn Essay

Motivation children and our selves to learn - Essay Example Therefore, motivation plays a very vital role from a very early age since it determines the future. Research has revealed that motivation makes the children do well at schools. Similarly, motivation also enables the individuals working at organizations perform well. This is because they feel that they have to be the best, and therefore, they try for the best. Motivation is the driving force that makes an individual achieve the desired goals in an effective manner. In the past years a lot of research work has been done on the topic of motivation, and this is because only if a person is willing to perform any task, he will be motivated to do it. As depicted by the saying that one â€Å"can take his horse to the water but cannot force him to drink it unless he wants to.† Such is the phenomenon of motivation (Wells, 1999). In order to boost learning, one must expect the children and the individuals to succeed, because this belief greatly improves the success of improvement. Children are aware of the way in which their parents see them because they tailor their actions with regards to the views of their parents. Therefore, parents and teachers must have high expectations from the children because this boosts learning. However, it is also essential to communicate the expectations to the children but during this, it should be ensured that the expectations are designed with regards to the strengths and the weaknesses of every child and individual. Re-evaluation should also be done especially of the children because the habits change quiet frequently (Lonka, et.al., 2001). The goals of learning that are defined turn expectations into reality. Therefore, the children and we should know what is expected in order to accomplish goals. Some ways that can be opted to set meaningful goals include the following. 1. Writing down goals – Research has shown that the goals which are written have a higher probability to be achieved which will enable learning to take place.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

None - Essay Example The family is met with a severe accident but all of them are saved to be killed at the hands of the serial killer, Misfit. This story is one of those in which complex and comprehensive themes are presented in clear and plain language. This is a simple story like a picture which is able to speak a thousand words. The major themes in this story include faith, morality and self conscience along with other religious connotations. Another major theme revolves around trust, mistrust and faith which the author has portrayed specifically during the first stop of the family at The Tower with their owners. The owner, Red Sammy Butts and his wife get engaged in a conversation with the family. During this conversation, the owner and the grandmother talk about the reality of the world and the moral ethics and codes which were ignored by people in everyday life. They talk about how no one in the world could be trusted anymore. Red Sammy Butts shares his experiences of mistrust about how he helped some people and gave them something on credit and never saw them again. This conversation leads to the ugly truth of the world, the presence of good and evil and the ultimate reality that no one can be trusted. The title of the story itself portrays the theme of the story that good men are hard to find this world, those who live, not for themselves, but for others. The author has tried to describe the shortcomings of the traditional meaning of good and bad. This traditional concept states that people can either be good or bad but in this story, O`Connor has tried to depict that both good and bad can exist within a single person. The author enforces that a person can find both good and bad but it just depends on the way he searches for it. Similarly, the initial story is portrayed in such a way that the reader would think that the story shows a good family and a bad convict, misfit. However, this is a false impression which is corrected at the end of the story. After the accident, th e grandmother and the whole family meets misfit and his gang. The grandmother`s judgmental nature results in a serious conflict between her and misfit which results in the death of the entire family. The grandmother thought that the only thing that will save her from the killer was her supposed good deeds and good nature. However, the story initially shows that the grandmother is a self serving person and she is clearly a racist and this is shown by her comment about the street children as she says, â€Å"Little niggers in the country don't have things like we do† (A Good Man is hard to find, Web). This clearly shows that the grandmother was a racist and during her encounter with Misfit, she thought she was good and her goodness will save her from the convict. She even called Misfit and â€Å"alleged criminal† and tried to enforce her superior position which further worsened the conflict between them. However, Misfit had more power than the grandmother at that time and he decided to end her life. Faith is a person`s belief in something whether it be God, a religion or even a personal trait, for example. The Misfit did not have any such belief in any religion but he seems to have faith on himself. The grandmother even tries to bring in religion and Jesus to change Misfit`s mind. She tries to save herself by bringing in Jesus’

Factchecking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Factchecking - Essay Example He said he would but that law does not exist and that he had been clear that he supports exceptions for abortion in cases of rape, abortion and to save the life of the mother. Romney also employed deception in his attack with Obama with his ad that Obama will raise taxes by $4,000 on American middle class. This was an outright fabrication because Obama is not planning to raise taxes on the middle class to service the debt. The articles in Factcheck.org and politiFact.org also reveal how politicians use false information to make accusations. We can use as an example the most common issue of sequestration which is the spending cuts to arrest the deficit. Republics blamed Obama in FastCheck.org in the article The Obamaquester that it will specifically target certain sectors in society. When it was verified in with PoliticalFact.org, this accusation was in fact false because the sequester does not make distinction quoting Obama saying as it â€Å"won’t consider whether we’re cutting some bloated program that has outlived its usefulness, or a vital service that Americans depend on every single day. It doesn’t make those

Revlon website Essay Example for Free

Revlon website Essay Csikszentmihalyi (1975, p. 36 cited in Rettie, 2001) states that flow is the holistic experience that people feel when they act with total involvement. Further, Hoffman and Novak (1996, p. 57 cited in Rettie, 2001) believes that flow is something which can stick you through. Further, it is said that flow can be attributed towards repeat usage. Which means, if a consumer is provided something exciting on the website, then probability of consumer visiting website again is very high? In context of Revlon, a consumer visiting website wants to see something different, he wants to have an experience and if that does not happen, them the consumer will not visit the site again. Now, the question is, what Revlon is offering to the audience is very much same as any other website is offering. Revlon is offering a make up look which is not even personalized. This will not increase the traffic on the website and will not lead to consumer satisfaction. Currently, Revlon website is offering very minimal services. The site is not very flashy as it is one of the glamorous companies. Its competitors LOreal has flashy sites with lots of features (Loreal. com) which are missing in Revlon. In a survey done by Csikszentmihalyi (cited in Rettie, 2001) the research involves finding the flow of information was that older woman prefer that if there is interactivity on the site (i. e. if there is lots of things to do on the site they will prefer to go on that site again and again. But if there is no interactivity on the site it does not interest the consumer). Revlon website offers very limited interactivity to the customers, which wont help Revlon to attract new customers and provide satisfaction to old customers. Currently, Revlon site is offering e-mails to consumers. But do Consumers really bother about these e-mails. Hoffman and Novak, 1997, Rettie, 2001, Smith and Shivkumar, 2004 (cited in Chaffey et al, 2006) believes that flow of information is important for site usability. Further, Chaffey et al,(2006) believes that flow for online marketing can be defined as information or experience, which consumer has when he moves from one page to another and also includes interactions like filling forms etc. When this theory was applied to Revlon website, it showed that navigating from one page to other is not difficult and is quite easy. But when it comes to interactivity Revlon cannot compete with LOreal as LOreal offers more tools for interactivity then Revlon. Strauss and Frost (1999) suggest that customers want speed, convenience on top variety when they get from one page to another. Consumer does not want to spend their time on giving password on the net rather; they prefer to have user friendly method on the internet. This is important for the flow of information through the website. The more the website saves time and efforts of the consumer the more likely it is for the consumer to visit the site gain. This will help to increase the customer satisfaction and enhance interactivity on the COMPETITIOR ANALYSIS Revlon is beauty care Product Company for woman. Its main direct competitors are LOreal, Maybelline. According to Chaffey et al (2006) benchmarking competitors website should be based on companies marketing performance, financial performance, marketing communication techniques and services offered. In context of interactivity, marketing communications techniques and services offered should be taken into account for competitors analysis. Based on the above analysis, the recommendations are made for Revlon to come up to its competitors. Revlons competitors have strong interactivity on the website which Revlon is lacking, therefore, future recommendations are set so that Revlon also increases its interactivity on the website and increases the customer satisfaction and interaction. RECOMMENDATIONS After analyzing Revlon website and the competitors. The following recommendations are made which will help Revlon to understand its customer needs and leads to customer satisfaction through interactive media. In view of Avery, Calder and Iacobucci (1998), interactive media has enormous growth. It is used to identify customer needs, sharing of information and creating an experience for the customer. According to Borges, Couto, Natario and Braga (2007), the range of online communication tool is growing with way of support and involving customers and communicating between one to many. In view of Hoffman, Novak, Schlosser, 2000 and Constantinides (2002 cited in Borges et al,2007) internet is not only a place which represents companys image. The main aim of the internet is to attract more customers and changing occasional visitors to prospective customers. With the support of above theories, the below are some of the recommendation to Revlon in order to increase their interactivity on the website, thus it will help to satisfy customers and will help to identify prospective clients as well. 1 ONLINE FORUMS Revlon presently, has no forums (imediacommunication, 2004). Revlon should develop forums which will help customers to interact with each other and with organization also. Chaffey et al(2006) suggests that forums are the means to promote the services of the website. It is a way of connecting to the community. According to Howard (2000) it is essential for a company to innovate on the internet by hosting on line forums, stage on line contest, live messages etc. Loreal, which is the direct competitor of Revlon, has forum, where customer can post their comments, chat with each other, participate in polls, LOreal has online live discussion forum as well (LOreal. com). According to Siegel (2006), forums are an effective way of communicate online and sharing information with people. He has provided an example of Kraft Foods interactive Kitchen where consumers share recipes and email their comments on the site. The best example for forums is YouTube, where customer can leave their comment, can discuss videos with members. Revlon should start opinion poll service, live discussion, sharing of videos on their website. Even though Revlon has certain blogs on search engines but they do not belong to the website. Customers will not find blogs in search engines to post comment, they will visit website to do so. 2 Blogs One of the most common tools for interactive communication is blogging. Blogs can be defined as webpages which are developed or used online for publishing web pages. These Blogs have comments and feedback form which makes consumer feel good. Blogs are also gets comments from other sites as well. These have been successful in media environment (Chaffey et al, 2006). According to Business Blog Consulting customers feel that Revlon should come with blogs where women can discuss their product research, can share good piece of information with other women and even develop online community. Revlon website should start Blog for its customers where they feel that they are involved in company. They can share information about recent style, trends across the world. In view of Russo (2007) where the power of blog can be known is from Perez Hiltons celebrity gossip blogger where he has created a blog which he constantly updates, makes his readers involved by publishing gossips, pictures. Revlon should form a blog which should focus on beauty and cosmetic tips given by its celebrity endorser and consumer can ask questions, post comments about beauty and cosmetics and to create positive effect of their services through these blogs. Revlon should also start competition games for beauty and cosmetic quiz type and then reward the audiences according to some points.

HEC-HMS Evaluation

HEC-HMS Evaluation HEC-HMS is a hydrological model that can be used to check the effect of a storm based event on a watershed or a continuous simulation. HEC-HMS is distributed model but it deals with a watershed as a conceptual model which consist of sub-basin and reach. HEC-HMS is very powerful as it has many options for hydrological calculations and a user-defined is one of the options. One of the uses of the HEC-HMS is to predict the future urbanization that can happen in a watershed and the corresponding flood that could happen. HEC-HMS alone cannot get the places of the flooded area but the hydrograph extracted from the HEC-HMS can be used in HEC-RAS and RAS-mapper to get the inundated map of the city due to a certain storm event. In this lab, a simple simulation will be used to simulate the hydrograph of Tifton watershed.   In order to build a HEC-HMS project, there are components should be added first. The main components that the HEC-HMS require is the basin component which contains the basin properties such as sub-basins, reaches and junctions, the metrological component which contains the rain gages that will be used for precipitation, the control component which contains the simulation time period and the time series component which contains any time series data such as the hyetograph or hydrograph. HEC-HMS has four main windows which are the component window, view window, editor window and message log window. The component window contains all the created components so that we can toggle between them. In order to edit any of the components chosen from the component window, the editor window is used and it contains tab but for global data entry or edit the component menu is used. The view window shows the selected basin, result or table. The log message shows if there is error or the model has found no problem as for example as shown in Figure 1 the log message says, Note 10008: Finish opening projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Which means that the project was opened successfully with no errors found. Figure 1 Log message of HEC-HMS Basin component As mention before that the HEC-HMS is conceptualizing the watershed, so we will import the watershed image as a background as shown in Figure 2 and draw on it the corresponding component. This is a simple watershed that contains only one sub-basin and one outlet. the sub-basin is named 74006 and the outlet is junction in HEC-HMS and there is no reach used for flow channel routing. Figure 2 HEC-HMS desktop view The sub-basin properties should be entered for HEC-HMS to use in calculations. The main property is the catchment area as the HEC-HMS is using all the catchment symbolled in one point (sub-basin 74006). The other properties that should be entered are the hydrological calculations that the HEC-HMS will use to calculate the hydrograph at the outlet of the sub-basin as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Sub-Basin hydrological calculation methods Canopy is the method used to calculate the water intercepted on the tree that avoid the water to reach the ground. The percentage of vegetation obtained from remote sensing is used to determine the canopy. In this lab, simple canopy method is used which need only the initial water storage in the tree and the maximum storage that the plant can hold. In order to indicate the surface storage that can happen in the watershed there are different methods, in this lab a simple surface is used. The simple surface method is mainly saying how much is the initial storage and the maximum storage. The maximum storage provide in this lab is zero which is useless as the surface method can be selected as none instead. To get the parameters of the initial storage and maximum storage a site investigation can be done or throughout satellite maps and DEM the surface depletions and storage area can be calculated roughly. Infiltration losses is indicated here as the loss method. The loss method that is widely used is the Horton equation but in this lab the soil moisture loss is used. The soil moisture loss method mainly works as the soil moisture content and the maximum infiltration rate of the vadous zone of the soil as well as the groundwater beneath the vadous zone depth and the percolation rate from vadous zone to the groundwater and if the groundwater is into two different soil type provide the data to each soil type. In order to get the data for this method a soil surveying is required or from a previous defined data as the FAO maps or Canada CIRUS maps. The unit hydrograph for the basin is not known so a synthetic hydrograph will be used. There are different synthetic hydrograph methods in HEC-HMS, in this lab Clark (1945) Hydrograph is used. The Clark Unit Hydrograph is divided into translation based on synthetic time area curve and time of concentration as well as a reduction of discharge as excess rainfall is stored in watershed. Clark Unit Hydrograph is modeled with linear reservoir for baseflow. The parameters for the Clark Unit Hydrograph is the time of concentration and the storage coefficient. Time of concentration can be calculated using watershed properties or from previous observations but the storage coefficient most likely will be calibrated. The linear reservoir is used for baseflow separation. Baseflow is linearly related to average storage of each time interval similar to the Clark unit Hydrograph. The linear reservoir also is used with the soil moisture content as it depends of the water in the groundwater and how it returns back to be a contributed to the hydrograph as a baseflow. The parameters of the baseflow is hard to measure so it will be most likely calibrated. Time series component In the time series component, a rainfall hyetograph is entered in the rain gages using the Tifton DSS file provided with the project. After entering the hyetograph, the graph can be shown as shown in Figure 4. The hyetograph will then be assigned to the basin in the metrological compenent. Figure 4 Tifton Hyetograph In the time series component, also the observed outflow hydrograph of the catchment is entered using the Tifton DSS file. After entering the DSS file the hydrograph is shown as in Figure 5. The hydrograph should be used for model calibration of the unknown parameters. Figure 5 Tifton observed hydrograph Meteorological component In the meteorological component, the hyetograph is assigned to the sub-basin and if there are more than one rain fall gage a weighted average can be assigned to each sub-basin. Also in the meteorological component, the evapotranspiration is entered. In this lab, monthly average is used which gives a constant value for each month and corresponding coefficient. Control component Finally, the control component is used to define the simulation period and time interval. In the lab, according to my group number which is 15 the corresponding simulation time is used which is from the first of January 1970 to the thirties of June 1970. After finishing all the data entry, a simulation manager is used to create a simulation which is defined by selecting the basin, meteorological and control data to be computed. After creating the simulation, compute is chosen and a message of successful appear in the message log -if there is any error or warning will appear in the message log too-. From the results tab, a global summary can be viewed as shown in Figure 6. The global summary gives the drainage area contributing to each sub-basin and each junction and the time to peak and the corresponding peak discharge as well as the total volume of excess rainfall. In this lab, there is only one sub-basin so the sub-basin and junction will have the same properties. The peak discharge is 873 CFS and happened in the thirty-first of March 1970 at 1:00 PM. The total excess volume is 16.36 in. Figure 6 Global Summary The graph of the sub-basin 74006 shown in Figure 7 show the hyetograph in the top part which consists of red and blue. The red part shows the infiltrated depth while the blue line shows the excess rainfall depth. The bottom part of the graph shows the hydrograph which consists of the baseflow and the excess hydrograph. The blue solid line shows the hydrograph while the dotted red line shows the baseflow. As we can see that in January all the rainfall is almost infiltrated and there is no excess and that is reflected in the hydrograph as there is no excess hydrograph only baseflow. The peak rainfall events happened at the end of March and May and as we can see that there is a lag time between the peak of the hyetograph and the hydrograph which represent the time of the water to route though the watershed to the outlet of the catchment. Even both event in March and May has the same rainfall but the peak was higher in March due to the infiltration difference. The infiltiration that happ ened in May was larger than March as the soil moisture content in March was high due to event happened just before the peak event while before May peak event it was dry for almost two months. Figure 7 Hyetograph/Hydrograph of Sub-basin 74006 The hydrograph of the junction shown in Figure 7 shows the hydrograph coming from each sub-basin the blue dashed line and the total summation of all the hydrographs at the junction the blue line and the observed data the black dotted line. The dashed blue line and the solid blue line are coinciding because there is only on sub-basin that contribute to the junction. As shown in Figure 7, the observation and the hydrograph at the junction as almost the same which means that the parameters and methods used in the HEC-HMS are representing the reality quite well. Figure 8 Hydrograph of Junction HEC-HMS can simulate storm event to get the flow hydrograph of the catchment. It is important to use the adequate method based on the data availability. The model should be calibrated using the observed data. HEC-HMS can gives how each sub-basin can contribute to the basin outflow and what changes will happen if any of the sub-basin changes. Hydrologic Engineering Center (2010). Hydrologic Modeling System HEC-HMS, Quick Start Guide, US Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, USA